Subject of Course Project Essay Example for Free

Subject of Course Project EssayIn today competitive economy, we need learning system in either aspect of the organization because Information systems help in decision making process in a cost effective counselling. Using technologies to discover, analyze and motivate in real time on the large volumes of data in research laboratories will be beneficial to the organizations. Every organization produces large inwardness of data and we need a system to contain it and extract nurture effectively. Databases management systems are design to ease difficulties in maintain complex information systems. An organization such as mayo Clinic not only has the clinical heath care system but also has the larger department focuses on research and innovations. These types of organizations contain many opposite research laboratories that use different database system and technologies, bio specimens and produce many different results. This indicates that they digest large valuable data yet missing a system that can link them together so that we can compare and contrast all the pertaining data off there. occupancy Problem StatementThe core problem to be solved is inefficient database systems of each disconnected database systems to a system that can communicate many different databases with easy to pull information out of. Due to difference in needs of each research labs, it would be very unproductive to use ace type of database for all the labs. However, we need a system that can communicate different databases and queries all the information quickly.Name of the OrganizationThe name of the organization is mayonnaise Clinic. I want to specifically focus the issue of database system of research department and more specifically about the database system of the lab that I am currently work with. At my lab, we are currently using a Microsoft Access Database to store both clinical and laboratory information by bringing in it the share folder for other team members to ac cess. However, there is no track system in place and with multi users involve, we have no way of bonk who or where the information could be wrong. Many other labs also have issues with current databases that they are using due to limited user abilities, missing tracking in place, and waiting time for programmer to give us reports.General BenefitsBy building a system that can give both clinical information and research information help save time and money of the organization and employees. It will encourage more collaboration within the institutes. If we have information on the samples that other labs already worked on, we no longer need to waste resources to produce the same data by sharing the results. There will be more time for innovations by removing the repetitive experiments. This system can also help at finding more resources such as which labs are working on the similar samples or experiments thus increase collaboration either by exchanging samples or working on the ideas together. It is also important to point out the sharing contents will be control by the users to avoid conflict. A system that can communicate with other database can pull up information of the same patients without needing to re-enter them in many different databases will save time and employee can focus on different tasks.High take aim ApproachBuilding a database system will take hours of mapping connections and writing a program that can be customized by users. The best way is to have web base database systems for the labs which dont have a good relational database yet. Then, build a system that can link the inherent relational databases to talk to each other and pull out data. There is two ways we can build the system either by outsourcing or in-house program development. Another step is to find out which way is more cost effective with the time we need to have them ready. Also, it would be important to have a research server and a team to maintain the systems.AudienceThe need s of an effective research laboratories database system are obvious yet it is dear(p) and time consuming to build one. All the principle investors need to be participating and build the system together and budget into their lab cost. Senior managements and mangers of the labs of Mayo Clinic need to know the importance and benefit of having central research database system.

Revolution on British government and society Essay Example for Free

Revolution on British government and society EssayIt is not so some(prenominal) the events of 1688 that constitute a revolution as the subsequent changes in the constitution that show a transformation in the nature and ideology of government. There was no knowledgeable uprising, no civil war and most eventfully, the succession of William of Orange and his wife Mary to the English throne was authorised by a Convention, acting in placement of fantan in the absence of King pack II. Indeed it could be argued that this was not a revolution at all, if James departure is to be see as his abdication. Contemporaries, keen to replace the unpopular, Catholic milkweed butterfly with a man who was seen as a deliverer from popery and slavery, reasoned as such. In material fact James never did renounce his claim to the throne. Fleeing London in the dead of night, he took with him The Great Seal, traditionally held by the crowned head and dropped it in the Thames and he burnt the writs t hat were to call anew sevens. He would later attempt to recapture his crown, rallying support in Ireland to prepare for an invasion that was to fail. notwithstanding whether or not this dynastic change, made by those who, in theory, did not have the authority to do so, is enough to deserve the title revolution, what cannot be denied is that this marks the end of the geological era of the absolute monarch. Williams Declaration of Rights, which was to become statute within a year, echoed Lockean ideas of sovereignty, supporting a parliament that was to keep check on the authority of the monarch and protect Rights and Liberties of the people. No King or Queen thereafter would be able to rule as James or Charles had done before them.In the old age following the revolution a system of government wor office(a) through the authority of the administrator Privy Council and the houses of Lords and commons, headed by the monarch soon evolved into a working body that formed the basis of wh at we all the same have for government today. By the 1720s the way Britain is ruled had been turned around, but the changes cannot be solely accredited to the events of 1688. When William invaded England he had European motives at heart. He was keen to avoid a union of France and England that would be a threat to the Protestants of the Northern and Germanic lands.He was aware of James unpopularity as a Catholic formula of an overwhelmingly Protestant estate and he sought to take advantage of this to try and win allies. He anticipate to meet with resistance and had prepared and army of troops, but James was deserted by the little support he had to begin with in the face of danger, eventually even by his closest advisors and his own sister. William toured England for four weeks, propagandising himself as a saviour from James evil counsellors, who had challenged the laws, liberties, customs and religion and wanted to revive Catholicism.He arrived in London and in the absence of th e monarch the city was occupied and ordered by his Dutch soldiers while a decision could be reached. It is important to remember that William never independently laid any claim to the throne he had expected to meet resistance in England. He aimed to battle against what he saw as a catholic threat, which he was careful to stress as being on the part of James advisors and not the King himself, and although the touch that this revolution had was profound, it was not all part of a pre-ordained plan. What followed was an immediate crisis.The capital was under the order of foreign troops and the King had deserted. It forced the political nation to examine the constitution and find a solution. A Convention was called and a vote was interpreted to offer the throne to William and his wife Mary, daughter of the departed king on January 22nd 1689, only a month after James departure. It was a hasty political decision, pressure was felt by the presence of Dutch troops, but there was also a Prot estant fear of James gathering support and returning, or claims being laid for his infant son, whom he had taken with him.There was resistance, the nominate of Lords initially voted against the idea, musical note they had sworn an oath of loyalty to James, that he was hush up their king, and that such radical action was not right. A monarch is not elective. The theory was that the monarch was granted his authority form God and man was not to meddle with His choice. There was no support for a republic, with the feeling that a firm figurehead was necessary to maintain order and a deep attachment felt for hierarchy and patriarchy.Yet to instate a new monarch seemed in itself to mock the whole principal of monarchy. Under pressure from the Commons and from William and Mary themselves and with no other solution, the Lords were finally swayed, their stance weakened by inborn disunity and mistrust. Interpretation of the finer details of the theory of monarchy and nuances of vocabulary played and important role in this unique revolution, which, on the whole, was met with popular support. William and Mary had been put on the throne as an alternative to James II.Parliament had granted them this privilege and they were willing to allow parliament a more active role in government. The revolution had been almost ad hoc and there was sparse new ideology to implement, the Convention drawn up by parliament was effectively a answer to the way in which both Charles II and James II had ruled and a call to protect the peoples ancient and indubitable rights. It was more of a pen version of what was previously expected behaviour with little fundamental change to the relationship mingled with legislative and executive powers specified.But William had to accept this as a code of practise from his parliament, recognising that even if the monarch had popularity and capability, he needed to work through the legislative powers. The monarch was required to call parliament to sess ion, but this would be inevitable as William was only granted a historic period revenue. Parliament had the authority to oversee all public expenditure and so the monarch would endlessly be dependant on them. Changes to the structure of government took effect gradually during the years following the revolution, but from the start the role of parliament was augmented, which initiated subsequent developments.They met for much longer sessions than before 1688, enabling a great deal more legislation to be passed, and allowing for Bills to be more thoroughly debated. Much of the legislation passed was still local or occasional in essence, such as permission to build a workhouse, but although this could be viewed as undermining the revolutionary nature of parliaments more prominent role, the fact that mononuclear phagocyte system were more available to take action on their electorates specific grievances, helped to ease the frictions between local and executive power as the nations pol itical make-up was evolving.Although from a modern perspective these changes are viewed as progressing towards a more rational system of government, during the late seventeenth and early 18th centuries, people were often concerned about social stability which they believed was at risk with so much legal development. It was a commonly held view that feel should be stable and predictable. People wanted to feel sure of their position, their income and their king and government.In an era where the poor always risked slipping into poverty after a bad harvest, increasing involvement in foreign warfare and frequent changes in the government, questions were raised about the permanence of law, and whether Common Laws of liberty and property, viewed by some(prenominal) as sacred, were at risk. But at court the belief that good government was upheld by frequent parliament, against the weakness of individual MPs or usurpation by the monarch led to the Triennial Act of 1694, limiting parlia ment to three years. Elections were held on average every two years and there were several(a) amendments and contests in between.This Act was later replaced and the time extended to seven years, the advisors to the king often too easily influenced elections proved costly and short-lived parliaments. The Act shows parliament as uncertain of its own role, and is an example of a developing government that was evolving along its own path in the years following the revolution, more caused by what the revolutions changes allowed rather than what they intended. The development of the two key political parties, the Whigs and the Tories is another feature of this evolution of government.With three active parts to the government all being of evenly weighted importance, and more frequent changes of personnel in parliament, there was more of a need than ever for politicians to associate themselves with a certain ideology and for Lords and MPs to support each other to push through Bills. Willi am himself wanted to remain above the level of party, which he did, and indeed, there were members of parliament, more so in the House of Lords who chose to be independent and cast their vote on issues individually.But the solidarity of party was the most effective way of getting laws passed and King George himself, not many years later, was aligned with the Whigs, who although in the days of the revolution had been in favour of political progression, now came of as the monarchical party and there were suspicions of Jacobinism in the Tories. Religion was still a very important factor in politics, despite the Act of Toleration in 1689, which allowed non-Anglican Protestants to swear allegiance to the throne.There was still a widely held belief that religious homogony was key to social stability, but it had been the clergy that had shown the most resistance to William taking the crown, and with no clear heir in line for the throne the line of work of succession and the possibility o f a Jacobite up-rising prompted him, a Calvinist himself, to attempt to include Protestant minorities, especially those in Scotland and Ireland. Although the law did not make any censure for Catholics or Quakers, it did encourage a sense of tolerance that was benefited by both groups.The Quakers would be later allowed the right to practise in legalised meetinghouses, but Catholics still constitute a threat, especially in Ireland, where the population was largely Catholic. After the Revolution, James had attempted to reclaim his throne, starting in Ireland, arranging support from France for the Catholic cause. But James lacked the leadership and resolve that he met in William when they met at battle in Derry and Enniskillen and he again escaped to France. The so-called bloodless revolution whitethorn have been so in England, but in both Ireland and Scotland the transition was not so smooth.Civil war in Ireland exhausted James supporters into pound and in Scotland a series of highl and wars lasted around five months in 1691, which initially started as a Jacobite up rising. William found Scotland impossible to manage. Although not dominated by Catholics, it was not predominantly Anglican either and James had more support here because of his familys close ties with Scotland. In the years following the Revolution, Scotland was only reluctantly part of Britain.She had her own laws and traditions, presided over by a Scottish parliament in Edinburgh, which declared even notwithstanding independence with the abolition of the Lord of Articles, further undermining control from Westminster and making Scotland appear more of a threat. William would not be able to exert his Royal will through Edinburgh. But following a bad harvest in 1695, with many dying of hunger or fleeing to Ulster, Scotland realised the benefits of a closer union with England to involve herself in Englands efficient internal trade and lucrative colonial empire.The Act of union came into effect in 1 707, dissolving the parliament in Edinburgh and instating peers and MPs from Scotland at Westminster. In England, the union make little reaction, but in Scotland it was bitterly opposed by many. Problems within Scotland were often a result of internal social divisions, most markedly between the highland clans and their more anglicised lowland neighbours, who had seen the union as a way to improve Scotlands economy. The death of Queen Anne in 1714 proved a difficult start for the union.The question was raised of the possible succession of her Catholic half brother, but with the Act of Settlement from 1701 forbidding any non-Protestant to sit on the throne, the Crown was contagious by George I. He faced a Jacobite uprising within the year, but his reign is largely characterised as a time of peace and relative stability after the turbulent post-revolutionary years. The Glorious Revolution had seemed on the surface to be swift, decisive and painless, yet the principals of change that as Burke claimed justified it as a revolution took years to really take shape.By the time of King George the role of monarch had been dramatically reviewed, no longer seen as a ruler from God, but as a figure head for a nation governed by a system of parliament, which relied on the mutual dependency of the two houses and the executive to abide by a sense of appropriate behaviour. Queen Anne was the last to use the Royal veto, something much exploited by the monarchs before 1688, the workings of parliament and the Privy Council had become more regular and thorough and a system of party politics had developed.The characters of William, Anne and George, who all failed to immerse themselves in domestic affaires and the extraordinary quality of ministers at work during this time, perhaps eased the transition but it still remains that, while the revolution of 1688 had a profound and lasting impact on British society and government, the relationship worked both ways. The practical working s of British society and government were what moulded the developments after the revolution, developments that justified the glorious revolution to be called as such.

Cultural Differences In Interpersonal Relationships English Language Essay

Cultural Differences In Interpersonal Relationships English Language EssayWhat is your wizardship style. It is probably different for each one of you and you any pass your own intimacy style as well. Friendship consist of mutual liking, trust, note, tolerance, and often even love and acceptance under any conditions. They ar established normally on the basis of similarities or common ground between the individuals. Friendship in real life may involve internal touching between individuals. We buns be a friend no matter what reasons. It does non matter where we from, which countries. Therefore, I would want to discuss roughly the diversion between friendship styles with ethnical background especially, cultural differences in interpersonal human relationships.Many foreigner comers to the United States mention that people from US do non know what lawful friendship is. Americans seem very friendly at first time, but the friendships do not forward to another step. Americans a re usually very friendly and kind to people eventhough they are not really close with, and they also being more generous in what others guggle about than people are from many other countries. Because of this, it can be make someone to confuse who comes from a country where people are deserved first. It may seem like some difficulty to other people who from many other countries.2 Case descriptionsSteve and Yarer first met in their chemistry class at an American university. Yarer was a student from Jordan. He was excited to take up to know an American he wanted to learn more about American kitchen-gardening and hoped that he and Steve would become good friends. At first, Steve seemed very friendly. He always greeted Yarer warmly before class. Sometimes he offered to study with Yarer. He even invited Yarer to release lunch with him. But after the semester was over, Steve seemed more distant. The two former classmates didnt see each other very much at school. One day Yarer inflexib le to call Steve. Steve didnt seem very interested in talking to him. Yarer was hurt by Steves change of attitude. Steve said we were friends, Yarer complained. And I said friends forever.What was wrong in the relationship between Yarer and Steve? Are Americans fickle? Why did Yarer feel confused? Because he is an outsider to American culture, he doesnt understand the way Americans view friendship. Americans use the articulate friend in a very general way. They may call both acquaintances and close companionsFriends. Americans buzz off school friends, work friends, sports friends and neighbourhood friends. These friendships are establish on common interests. When the shared activity ends, the friendship may fade.3 Analysis and solutions of the case3.1 Problems and underlying cultural differencesAs you can see this case, in that location is one big problem. Steve and Yarer they did not understand their cultural background. Understanding ones cultural background is not easy and si mple. However, if you want to make effort to make a friend, you should know about his or her cultural differences. What is the most important point to considered an appropriate topic to discuss about with your friends from many other countires. Many multinational students said that they do not know how to make a good conversation with Americans and suffered from make a friend in US, because of a lack of sympathy ones cultural factors like background information.People from different cultures have different organizations of interpersonal relationships and they have different expectations of people in the same category. As you know, Steve is from US. He seemed very friendly at first time, but it did not go for long relationship. So Yarer disappointed about Steves behave and he confused wherefore Steve changed. From this case, we can find out what is American friendship style like.According to Cornell University international student and scholars office department, they mentioned tha t what is American friendship like. The American pattern shows emblematic Americans friendships are like they initially kind at first time because they do not really put any meaning to word friend. For instance, in US, word friend mean anything like many kinds of friend. There could be work friend, study friend, gym friend and so on. Therefore you do not have to put a big meaning to be a friend. Just try to get use to their friendship style because we all have other kinds of friendship style depends on what countries we are from.3.2 Solutions and recommendationsYour friendship and the way you look at friendships will be influenced by your culture. In cultures around the flat coat we observe friendship defined by the way people interact with each other, how they display their affection toward close and loving friends. But the word friend has different meanings in different countries. The misunderstanding about friend during intercultural communication sometimes may hurt ones feelin g and cause in bad cause as well.Many international newcomers or students feel very disappointed that they do not know Americans well. Here are some advices Even though you wish that Americans will invite you to come over and hang it out to get to know each other, do not take it seriously. They may not put any meaning of it. Just try to take it as a refuse to your request. Take the first step as make you to get close with them. Do not be frustrated to ask about certain thing that you need to know. talk with them with interesting topics. Such as talk about your country, cultural background and etc. They will interest to those topics because differences between culture factors always sounds fun.-Approach to them with your own friendship style. Do not frustrated to talk to them and shared your thinking. They will welcome what you think about them and care about them as well. If you want to be a good friend, just show them your true heart. It will bring out a trustworthy friendship to youIf you think too much to make friend from many other countries, it will not forward to another steps to move on. You should act with confidence. And do not forget you should try to know other peoples cultural background. Also, you need to understand and respect their cultural background.4 ConclusionThe meaning of friendship may give everyone to interest but it also sort of difficult to describe. Communication style differences can also bring out misunderstandings about the other persons intentions and purpose. A main point to having successful intercultural relationship is establishing an effective relational culture. It is true that understanding ones cultural background is sort of difficult however we should put our effort to make a good relationship with people from many other countries. If you want to corroborate a good friendship with others, you should respect others first and approach to them with your true heart. People from many other countries may have different friend ships between you have so we should prepare to comprehend others cultural fact and background information. Like any other friendship, intercultural friendships still hold a lot of uniqueness. In fact, friendship rules are individually negotiated so that no two friendships are alike. We create our own relational culture that determines whether we will be successful.5 Literaturehttp//www.silvaultramindsystem.com The silva Methods latest and most up to date program for training your intuitionhttp//www.china-nafsa.aief-usa.org/chpter3.pdfhttp//www.friendship.com.au/http//www.helium.com/knowledge/143177-what-is-friendship

Chromium Induced Toxicity Research

Chromium Induced Toxicity ResearchAbstractIn the bring bulge study, we hypothesize that cyto toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress play a key role in atomic number 24 induced toxicity in siss, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG electric kiosk lines when expose for 24 h. Acute toxicity tests were conducted on trey tilt species namely L. calcarifer, E. suratensis and C. catla by exposing them to contrary niggardliness (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L) of atomic number 24 for 96 h under static conditions and the LC50 was calculated. The per centum cell survival was assessed by multiple expirys such as MTT, NR, AB and CB adjudicates were performed in seven tip cell lines undefended to different concentrations of chromium and EC50 values of totally the cardinal endpoints was calculated. Linear coefficient of cor sexual congresss between severally in vitro cytotoxicity assay and the in vivo mortality selective information were highly operative. microscopical exa m inute of arcation of cell morphology indicated cell shrinkage, cell detachment, vacuolations and cell swelling at highest concentration of chromium (50mg/L). The DNA damage and nuclear fragmentation were assessed by comet assay and Hoechst staining, in seven lean lines candid to different concentrations of chromium. The result of antioxidant parameter compassed visual aspect significantly decreased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GSH) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and increased level of lipoid peroxidation (LPO) in all the cell lines after pictorial matter to increasing chromium in a concentration-dependent manner. This results proves that fish cell lines could be use as an ersatz to whole fish exploitation cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress assessment after video to chromium.Keywords Fish cell lines, Chromium, Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, Oxidative stress1. IntroductionHeavy surfacelic element pollution of water is a serious environmental problem facing the modern world. At global level heavy metals pollution is increasing in the environment referable to increase in number of industries (Chidambaram et al. 2009). Industrial effluents argon discharged into the sewage canals, rivers and irrigation water, causing major pollution and health hazards (Baddesha and Rao 1986). Many industrial wastewaters contain heavy metals like cadmium, lead, zinc, cobalt and chromium. The toxic heavy metals ar well-nighly absorbed and get accumulated in various plant part as free metals which may adversely affect the plant growth and metabolism (Barman and Lal 1994). Human beings and cattle are badly affected when these metals are integrate into food chain as it causes bronchitis and cancer (Khasim et al. 1989 McGrath and Smith 1990 Nath et al. 2005). Among heavy metals, chromium plays a major role in polluting our aquatic environment system. In reputation chromium occurs predominately in two valances Cr (III) and Cr (VI). Hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) predominates over the Cr (III) form in natural waters. Hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) particulates enter the aquatic ordinary through effluents discharged from leather tanning, textiles, chrome electroplating, metal finishing, dyeing and printing industries and several other industries.The Cr (VI) penetrates biological membranes easily and causes cellular damage by oxidative stress (Irwin et al. 1997 Begum et al. 2006), its unselective exposure may pose serious effect on aquatic communities including fish. Toxic effects of Cr(VI) on enzymological/biochemical (Al-Akel and Shamsi 1996 Vutukuru et al. 2007 Oner et al. 2008), hematologic (Gautam and Gupta 1989 Al-Akel and Shamsi 1996), immunological (Prabakaran et al. 2007) parameters, endocrine toxicity (Mishra and Mohanty 2009) and genotoxicity (Chen et al. 2011) have been reported in many teleosts fishes.In environmental risk assessment, much of the toxicity test on fish has involved the use o f lethality as the endpoint. On the other hand, in vivo bioassay is expensive and requires huge quantity of toxicant. The exposure time is only 24 h as opposed 96 h in bioassay, which could reduce the cost of labor, lab facilities and test time but more importantly allow decisions to be made more rapidly. Nevertheless, toxicity testing with fish is an essential part of environmental risk assessment procedures (Castano et al. 2003). For all these considerations, the development and use of in vitro assays that could legal profession early stages of toxicity in vertebrates represent an approach that could be very useful to monitoring environmental risk assessment (Walker 1999). Over the last quartet decades, cell and tissue culture methods have been refined and have now become an essential tool in environmental research. There are a lot of ethical, scientific and economical reasons that support the development of in vitro methods for use in ecotoxicology (Castano and Gomez-Lechon 200 5 Bols et al. 2005 Schirmer, 2006 Fent 2007 Taju et al. 2012, 2013, 2014). The use of fish cell lines in environmental toxicology has been reviewed and positively assessed principally with regards to cytotoxicity (Babich and Borenfreund 1991 Castano et al. 2003 Fent 2001). Cytotoxicity assessments can be readily employed to examine multiple endpoints, including measurements of cell death (apoptosis), cell viability, cellular morphology, cell metabolism, cell attachment/detachment, cell membrane permeability, proliferation, growth kinetics, genotoxicity and oxidative stress (Maracine and Segner 1998 Li and Zhang 2002 Shuilleabhain et al. 2004 Taju et al. 2014). In the present study, triplet fish species from three different aquatic environments, Lates calcarifer (Marine), Etroplus suratensis (Brackishwater) and Catla catla (freshwater) were selected as representatives of their respective environments to study their suitability for nifty toxicity test to evaluate the potential risk of chromium (Cr). They are excellent food fishes with a good market demand in India, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Some attempts were made to study in vivo acute toxicity in Sea bass, Etroplus and Catla using various toxicants (Chezhian et al. 2010 Azmat and Javed 2011, 2012 Bhat et al. 2012 Taju et al. 2012, 2013). The seven fish cell lines namely SISK and utter cell lines derived from L. calcarifer (Sahul Hameed et al. 2006 Parameshwaran et al. 2006b), SICH and ICG cell lines derived from C. catla (Ishaq Ahmed et al. 2009b Taju et al. 2014), and IEE, IEK and IEG cell lines derived from E. suratensis (Sarath Babu et al. 2012) were used as in vitro assays to evaluate the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress exposed to chromium. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity were pard with the results of in vivo acute toxicity test using fish. The use of these cell lines for toxicity assessment of chromium instead of living fish is recommended.2. Material and methods2.1. Che micals and reagentsTissue culture media and chemicals were obtained from GIBCO (Invitrogen Corporation, USA). Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), EDTA, Trichloroacetic acid, DTNB 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), Thiobarbituric acid, Hydrogen peroxide, Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), Riboflavin, Hydroxylamine-HCl, Triton X- coulomb, Ethidium bromide, Methanol, Acetic acid, Sodium chloride, Sodium hydroxide and Coomassie Blue was purchased from SRL chemicals, India.2.2. Collection of experimental animalsLates calcarifer and Etroplus suratensis were collected from Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA), Chennai. Catla catla was collected from a local pond in Walajapet, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. The experimental fishes were 2 3 g in body weight. Specimens were transported live in oxygen bags or buckets to the laboratory, acclimatized and kept up(p) for 20-30 old age in a salinity range of 5-10 ppt for E. suratensis, 20-25 ppt for L. calcarifer and in freshwa ter in the case of C. catla (23-28oC) under an ambient photoperiod in the laboratory for 10 days prior to experiments. The fish were fed with commercial pellet feed twice a day and starved for 24 h before and during the experiments.2.3. In vivo fish acute toxicity testFish acute toxicity tests were conducted by exposing E. suratensis, L. calcarifer and C. catla (N = 10 per aquarium) for 96 h to chromium under static conditions (OECD 203, 1992). Five different concentrations chromium i.e., 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L diluted with seawater (5 ppt) and freshwater while control with sea water and freshwater alone were tested to determine the LC50 (concentration at which 50% of the fish population dies). The aquaria had a working volume of 30 lit based on the body weight of fishes (1 g fish/L). Dead fishes were counted and removed immediately every day. All the experiments were conducted in triplicates. Mortalities were recorded chase the guideline for fish acute toxicity OECD 203 (19 92).2.4. Fish carrell linesA total of seven cell lines established from different organs of L. calcarifer (SISS-seabass spleen, SISK-kidney), E. suratensis (IEE Etroplus eye, IEG gill, IEK kidney) and C. catla (SICH Catla heart, ICG gill) were tested for their sensitivities to chromium. These fish cell lines were propagated at 28oC in Leibovitzs L-15 medium (pH 7.0 -7.4) with 2mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin 100 IU/ml and streptomycin 100 g/ml. The osmolarity ranged from 300 to 360 mOsm kg-1. These cells were sub-cultured every 2-3 days using standard procedure. Cells at exponential growth arrange were harvested and used for in vitro cytotoxicity tests.2.5. In vitro cytotoxicity assay using fish-derived cell linesSISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells at exponential growth phase were collected and diluted to a concentration of cv cells/ml in Leibovitzs L-15 medium with 10% FBS. After agitation, the cells were added to each(prenominal) well of 96-well tissue culture plates at the concentration of 2 x 104/well and incubated long at 28oC. After incubation, the medium was removed and the cells were re-fed with medium containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L of chromium for 24 h EC50 analysis. Then four endpoints for cytotoxicity, i.e., MTT 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, Neutral red (NR) uptake assay, Alamar blue assay (AB) and protein concentration for Coomassie blue (CB) assay were determined after 24 h exposure as set forth by Borenfreund et al. (1988), Borenfreund and Puerner (1985), Taju et al. (2012) and Shopsis and Eng (1985), respectively.2.5.1. Cell morphologySISS, SISSK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells were plated into a 24 well tissue culture plate at a density of 2-105 cells (in 1 mL growth medium). After overnight growth, supernatants from the culture plates were removed and fresh aliquots of growth medium containing various concentrations of the chromium (0, 1 0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L) were exposed for 24 h. Upon incubation, cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and the morphological replaces were observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany) at 100- magnification.2.6. sagaciousness of in vitro genotoxicity using fish-derived cell lines2.6.1. Comet assayThe undivided Cell Gel Electrophoresis (comet assay) was performed on SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines according to the method of Singh et al. (1988) with slight modifications in accordance with the protocols of Taju et al. (2014). 5 x 104 cells on 500 L of complete culture medium were seeded per well in a 24-well-plate. After 24 h incubation, cells were exposed to chromium using the following concentrations 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg/L. At the end of the exposure period, cells were collected through trypsinization, followed by centrifugation at 1000 rpm for two minutes to obtain the pellet and avoid cell loss. After the centrifugations, the supernatant was discarded and the pellet resuspended in 100 L of 0.9% agarose in milliQ water (low-melting point agarose, Sigma Aldrich chemicals, USA). The suspensions of cells in agarose were hence applied dropwise to microscope slides containing an agarose layer (agarose electrophoresis grade, prepared with a 1% concentration in milliQ water), and kept in a freezer for 10 min. The cells were lysed in impertinently made lysing solution (2.5 M NaCl, 100 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10% DMSO, 1% Triton X-100, pH 10), for 1 h at 4 C. After rinsing with redistilled water, the slides were placed on the horizontal gel box, covered with the cold alkaline buffer (0.3 M NaOH, 1 mM EDTA, pH 13) and left for 20 min. Electrophoresis was run in the same buffer at 25 V (0.83 V/cm) at 300 mA for 20 min at 4 C. After electrophoresis the slides were neutralized in a cold neutralization buffer (0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5), for 2 to 5 min, obstinate in methanol acetic acid (31) for 5 min and stored in the dark at room temperature. Prior to examination, the slides were rehydrated and stained with 10 g/mL ethidium bromide and examined using a Zeiss Axioplan epifluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany). A positive control (5 M H2O2) was also acknowledged in every batch of samples. This strategy was chosen to compare the variation in the distance of migration. The positive control was not included in evaluation. Slides were examined at 100x magnifications using a fluorescence microscope. For each experimental condition 100 randomly chosen cells from two duplicate slides were examined (50 from each slide). In all 100 comets were scored visually according to the relative intensity of the fluorescence in the tail length. The extent of DNA migration was determined as a percentage of DNA in the tail (% tDNA) using an image analysis system comet 5, Kinetic Imaging Ltd.2.6.2. Assessment Nuclear fragmentation by Hoechst 33258Nuclear fragmentatio n of SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines was analyzed with Hoechst 33258. The cells were seeded in 12-well cell culture plates and incubated overnight. Then the cells were treated with different concentrations of chromium (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L). Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min, washed with PBS, and stained with 1 g/mL Hoechst 33258 in PBS for 30 min. Stained cells were washed twice with PBS. The changes in nuclei were observed with a fluorescent microscope through a UV filter.2.7. Preparation of cell give tongue to and Biochemical estimationsThe SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of chromium (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg/L) on 25 cm2 flasks for 24 h. After 24 h they were trypsinized and pelleted by centrifugation at 500-g for 5 min. The cell pellet was washed with PBS (0.1M, pH7.4), resuspended in 500 l chilled homogenizing buffer (250mM sucrose, 12mM Tris-HCl, 0.1mM DTT, p H 7.4) and lysed using Dounce homogenizer. The lysate was centrifuged (8000-g, 10 min, 4 C) and the supernatant (cell extract) was used for various biochemical assays. Protein concentration in the cell extract was estimated by the method of Lowry et al. (1951).The enzymatic antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined by following the procedures described by Kono (1978). Catalase (CAT) activity was determined by following the method described by Aebi (1974). The level of non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH) was estimated following the procedures described Saldak and Lindsay (1968). The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was assayed by the method of Flohe and Gunzler, (1984). The level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was measured according to the method described Beuge and Aust (1978) based on the reaction with thiobarbituric acid. The results were recorded as mol of TBA reactive substances/mg protein. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters w as expressed as mol/mg protein.2.8. Data analysisExperiments were performed in triplicate with eight replicates for each exposure concentration. Absolute values of each assay were transformed to control percentages. The results of LC50 and EC50 values were expressed as dilution in (mg/L) of the sample calculated using computerized (EPA, 2000) software. The individual data points of the concentration response cytotoxicity graph were presented as the arithmetic mean percent inhibition relative to the control standard error (SE). Cell viability and the concentration were fitted Scatter plots with the regressive equation (a linear regression model). The strength of the r2 value was used to determine whether a linear or quadratic relationship was assumed. Analysis of variance was used to determine whether groups of variables differed from each other (SPSS, Version 16).3. ResultsThe cumulative percentage mortality in L. calcarifer, E. suratensis and C. catla exposed to different concent rations of chromium was determined at 96 h and the results are presented in Fig 1. The toxic effect of chromium on the survival of fish was found to be concentration and time dependent. The chromium at the concentration of 50 mg/L caused 100%, 96.66% and 90% mortality, respectively, in L. calcarifer, E. suratensis and C. catla, whereas lower concentration of chromium at 10 mg/L caused 26.66%, 16.66% and 20% mortality of L. calcarifer, E. suratensis and C. catla respectively. No mortality was recorded in the control fish even after 96 h exposure. The LC50 values corresponding to 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure of chromium were determined and results are presented in Table 1.Five different concentrations which ranged from 10 to 50 mg/L of chromium were used to carry out the in vitro toxicity assay in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines using four cytotoxicity end points (MTT, NR, AB and CB assays) and the results are shown in Fig.2 A-D. The cytotoxicity of chromium to S ISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines was found to be similar in all the toxic endpoints employed. The lowest concentration of chromium tested (10 mg/L) was found to toxic in all the cell lines particularly SICH and IEK cell lines. The progressive increase in the concentration of chromium led to increase in toxicity when compared to control cells. The MTT, NR, AB and CB cytotoxicity endpoint assays revealed that a 24-h exposure of all the cell lines to different concentrations of chromium produced a pane-dependent reduction in the fraction of viability. The EC50 values and 95% confidence limit values obtained for chromium are summarized in Table 2. Correlations among the endpoints employed in the SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines to study cytotoxicity of chromium have been determined. A general tendency in the sensitivity among the four endpoints could be observed and statistical analysis revealed good coefficient of correlation with R2 = 0.889-0.927 for all combinations between endpoints (Data not shown).The in vivo values of L. calcarifer vs. in vitro data of its two cell lines exposed to chromium were highly significant p2=0.956 (L. calcarifer vs. SISS) and 0.962 (L. calcarifer vs. SISK) R2=0.973 and 0.993 R2=0.980 and 0.975 R2=0.992 and 0.977 for MTT (Fig 3A), NR (Fig 3B), AB(Fig 3C) and CB (Fig 3D), respectively. The in vivo values of E. suratensis were compared with in vitro values of its three cell lines (IEE, IEG and IEK) exposed to chromium and were found to be highly significant p2=0.985 (E. suratensis vs. IEE), 0.987 (E. suratensis vs. IEK) and 0.968 (E. suratensis vs. IEG) R2=0.980, 0.936 and 0.956 R2=0.961, 0.955 and 0.904 and R2=0.955, 0.939 and 0.974 for MTT (Fig 3E), NR (Fig 3F), AB(Fig 3G) and CB (Fig 3H), respectively. Linear correlations between each in vitro vs. in vivo (C. catla)values of chromium were highly significant p2=0.991 (C. catla vs, SICH) and 0.993 (C. catla vs, ICG) R2=0.982 and 0.983 0.974 and 0 .990 and 0.987 and 0.984 for MTT (Fig 3I), NR (Fig 3J), AB(Fig 3K) and CB (Fig 3L), respectively.The prominent morphological changes of the cells exposed to high concentrations of chromium were observed. The changes observed include cell shrinkage, cell detachment, vacuolations and cell swelling in SISS (Fig 4H), SISK (Fig 4I), IEE (Fig 4J), IEK (Fig 4L), IEG (Fig 4L), SICH (Fig 4M) and ICG (Fig 4N) cell lines. In controls, no morphological alterations were observed in the SISS (Fig 4A), SISK (Fig 4B), IEE (Fig 4C), IEK (Fig 4D), IEG (Fig 4E), SICH (Fig 4F) and ICG (Fig 4G) cell lines.The percentage of DNA damage and the cumulative tail length from 100 cells per sample were measured in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells exposed to different concentrations of chromium (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L) and the results are shown in Fig. 5. The length of tail DNA in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells exposed to 10 mg/L of chromium was estimated to be about 1.7%, 2.0% , 1.3%, 1.5%, 2.1%, 1.4% and 1.5%, respectively at a 24-h exposure, and chromium at the concentration of 50 mg/L caused 8.9%, 11.0%, 9.4%, 8.8%, 11.1%, 6.4% and 7.2% of tail DNA migration in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells, respectively (Fig. 5). Comet results of chromium exposed SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells showed a dose dependent increase in tail DNA (%) compared to the control cells, which gave the extent of DNA damage.The SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells were exposed to chromium for 24 h at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L) and the results are shown in Fig. 6A-N. Apoptotic cells were identified by Hoechst staining of condensation and fragmentation of the nuclei as shown in SISS cells (Fig. 6H), SISK cells (Fig. 6I), IEE cells (Fig. 6J), IEK cells (Fig. 6K), IEG cells (Fig. 6L), SICH cells (Fig. 6M) and ICG cells (Fig. 6N) at higher concentration i.e. 50 mg/L of chromium exposed for 24 h, while no nuclear changes were observed in control cells are shown in SISS cells (Fig. 6A), SISK cells (Fig. 6B), IEE cells (Fig. 6C), IEK cells (Fig. 6D), IEG cells (Fig. 6E), SICH cells (Fig. 6F)and ICG cells (Fig. 6G).The level of antioxidant parameters such as SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH and LPO was measured in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells exposed to different concentrations of chromium and the results were presented in Fig 7A-E. Regarding oxidative stress biomarkers, no significant change was observed in SOD, CAT, GSH and LPO levels in the SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells exposed to lower concentrations i.e. 10 mg/L of chromium when compared to the control cells. However, when these cell lines were exposed to 50 mg/L of chromium, the activity of SOD (2.1, 2.3, 1.5, 1.3, 2.3, 1.2 and 2.2 fold in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells respectively in Fig 7A), CAT (5.2, 6.8, 5.3, 7.4, 6.4, 5.2 and 4.6 fold in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells respectively Fig 7B) and level GSH (1.6, 1.5, 1.3, 1.6, 1.5, 1.8 and 1.3 fold in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells respectively Fig 7C) and GPx (1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 1.2, 1.1, 0.9 and 1.3 fold in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells respectively Fig 7D) decreased was found to be significantly (*P4. DiscussionHeavy metals constitute a main group of aquatic pollutants due to their bioacuumulative and non-biodegradable properties (Velma and Tchounwou 2010). Their excessive contamination of aquatic ecosystems has evoked major environmental and health concerns worldwide (Vutukuru et al. 2007). Chromium is the sixth most abundant heavy metal in the earth crust (U.S. EPA 1984). Fish and Fish cell lines constitute an excellent model to understand the mechanistic aspects of metal toxicity (Taju et al. 2014). In this study, we have examined the in vivo toxicity in three fish species in different environment i.e. L. calcarifer (Marine water), E. suratensis (brackish water) and C. catla (Fresh water), a nd in vitro cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity of the three same fish cell lines, SISS, SISK (Seabass spleen and kidney cell lines), IEE, IEK, IEG (Etroplus eye, kidney and gill cell lines), SICH and ICG (Catla heart and gill cell lines) an exposure to chromium. The results of this study clearly show that the fish cell lines experienced oxidative stress by modulating the antioxidant enzyme, exhibited DNA damage, nuclear fragmentation and microscopic morphological changes in the SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cells. The LC50 values of chromium were determined as 30.22, 33.83 and 30.64 mg/L respectively in L. calcarifer, E. suratensis and C. catla, respectively at 96 h of exposure in this study. Recently, Mishra and Mohanty (2009) reported the LC50 values of chromium on Channa punctatus at 96 h of exposure as 41.75 mg/L. The LC50 values observed by Mishra and Mohanty (2009) were found to be higher when compared to L. calcarifer, E. suratensis and C. catla and thi s indicates that the L. calcarifer, E. suratensis and C. catla were found to more sensitive to chromium. heptad fish cell lines derived from L. calcarifer (SISS SISK), E. suratensis (IEE, IEK and IEG) and C. catla (SICH and ICG) were applied to evaluate the cytotoxicity of chromium using MTT, AB, NR and cell protein (CB) assays. The results of in vitro assays were compared with the results of in vivo test to determine the suitability of these fish cell lines for toxicological studies to replace the use of whole fish. The evaluation of cytotoxicity of chemical substances using animal cells has been carried out by many workers (Ekwall 1980a, 1983 Metcalfe 1971 Muir 1983a, 1983b Paganuzzi et al. 1981 Benoit et al. 1987). Four commonly used endpoint assays (MTT, NR AB and cell protein assay CB) were employed in the present study using SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines of E. suratensi, C. catla and L. calcarifer to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of chromium. The ma in observation was that the cytotoxicity was closely associated in all the seven cell lines independent of the toxic endpoints employed. This not only supports the observations of Ekwall (1995) and Li and Zhang (2002) that most cell lines have a similar results to toxicants when toxicity is measured by different endpoints, corresponding to inhibition or destruction of basal functions and structures, and also suggests that endpoints employed in the present study can also be used to predict acute cytotoxicity. Tan et al. (2008) have used six fish cell lines to study the toxicity of four heavy metals cadmium, chromium, zinc, and copper by using two cytotoxicity endpoints MTT and CB assays. The results revealed that carp epithelioma cells are least tolerant to chromium. The NR uptake assay is a useful method for comparing the relative acute cytotoxicity of metals in vitro with metal and chemicals toxicity studies in whole fish in vivo (Brandao et al. 1992 Ryan and Hightower 1994 Taju et al. 2013). In the present study, we employed that SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines for cytotoxicity assessment of chromium by using four endpoints. Our results show that there is no significant difference between all the four endpoints.Segner (1994) reported that the relationship of the in vitro cytotoxicity values to in vivo fish toxicity data is less satisfying and that this might be due to the inconsistency of the in vivo values. As observed in the present study, a positive relationship of acute lethal potency in fish with in vitro cytotoxicity has been found by Fry et al. (1990). Castano et al. (1996) found good correlations between in vivo and in vitro for each endpoint and for the cytotoxicity index and suggested the applicability of the RTG-2 cell line as an alternative protocol to estimate the acute toxicity of chemicals on fish without using live animals.The correlation of in vitro cytotoxicity of metals with in vivo toxicity data was evaluated by compari ng the 24 h NR50 results of R1 cells to 96 h LC50 data of different fish species. The rvalues (R1 cell line) were 0.64 for the relation between LC50, data of golden ide and bluegill sunfish, 0.58 for golden ide and rainbow trout in soft water, and 0.68 for golden ide and rainbow trout in hard water (Segner et al. 1994). In the present study, in vitro cytotoxicity of chromium with in vivo results was evaluated by comparing the 24 h MTT, NR, AB and CB data of seven Indian fish cell lines to 96 h data of three fish species (L. calcarifer, E. suratensis and C. catla). A good correlation was found between in vitro of seven fish cell lines compared with in vivo values of whole fish exposed to chromium for 24 h and 96 h respectively, with r=0.902 to 0.99. The results revealed that the four endpointsvalues were closely correlated to whole fish in vivo values and that the linear correlation between each in vitro parameter and the in vivo data were found to be highly significant. The results of in vitro assays using SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines of E. suratensis, C. catla and L. calcarifer were correlated with those obtained from in vivo assay using the same species of fish (L. calcarifer, E. suratensis and C. catla). Based on the results of the present study we recommend the use of these seven cell lines instead of living fish for toxicity assessment of metal salts and environmental contaminants.The present study showed that chromium induced genotoxicity in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines by comet assay. DNA damage was observed in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines exposed to chromium in a concentration dependent manner. The DNA damage at higher test concentrations in SISS, SISK, IEE, IEK, IEG, SICH and ICG cell lines could be due to the elevated levels of tail DNA in all cell lines compared to their controls cells. Induction of ROS under metallic stress could attack the DNA and damage its integrity. Our present r esults are similar to the previous reports (Iqbal Ahmad et al. 2006 Velma and Tchounwou 2010 2013) DNA damage in gill and kidney of Anguilla anguilla L. exposed to chromium with or without pre-exposure to -naphthoflavone. In another study, medaka fin cell lines exposed to Cr (VI) to examine the genotoxic potentials, have observed DNA double strand breaks a

Developing Country Like India Children And Young People Essay

Developing Country Like India Children And Young People EssayIn a large exploitation country exchangeable India, Non authoritiesal Organizations scrap as alternative or complementary service providers and try to bridge the numerous gaps in the developmental processes in the midst of reach and requirement of services. These alternative service providers play an important role by helping governing bodys through and through advocating, partnering and complementing the works of the state in order to visit that all those who atomic number 18 excluded, enjoy their right of equality in society.Governments atomic number 18 legally, morally and heartyly responsible that the entire population enjoys their humanity rights including the right to upbringing and wellness. These responsibilities are reinforced by most national constitutions and laws and dissimilar international conventions like WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF etc., which are ratified by states and are binding to all emerging adm inistrators. Yet after so many efforts and promises to implement the laws and constitutions the weaker class of the society, not only in India but in all parts of the world, is still denied the human rights of quality entropy, health and equality.Healthy and erudite people are the core of any development. Lack of penetration to the pedagogics, securely acquired knowledge, skills and good health is a elbow room for its diminution. Sustainable development is possible only through the access to meaningful learning which in turn is crucial for improved productivity, lessened poverty, improved and hinderance health care, empowered women and enhanced equality.NGOs, as development partners, stick the main harmonizing role to play in countries where brasss rescue failed or are unable to finish their customary role. In the health and education sectors, on that point are many success stories that not only created the required physical infrastructure but to a fault developed the ac ademic and caring environment for those who are still left out.NGOs as carriers of inclusive growthGovernment of India is reduceing on the financial inclusion of the society at large. But still there is a greater need for the inclusive society so as the underserved must not heart left out. Here NGOs can play a develop role for the integration of this weaker section with the society where governments efforts are not able to fulfill the gaps and the aspirations. admission to basic education and health care facilities are basically considered as the prime responsibilities of governments. Governments try to be in line with the internationally agreed goals of gentility for all which state that uncomplicated education should be free and compulsory. The main objective behind these targets was on augmenting access of children to basic nominal education provided by governments. Role of governments as a facilitator of basic education is pertinent as a literate society can fuck off an advantage in structure nations identity and can also amass benefits of social and economic development. Not only the society at large but individuals can also be benefited in terms of lifestyle, lifecycle and across generations. In developing countries like India, the imperative for educated people is even greater, as it is not only about physical exercise the right to be learned and a duty to contribution towards the nation for its development, but it is also important for ensuring security.Health care and education are the principal(a) service sectors given these are the largest, the most prevalent and perceptible institutions in the country, visible even in the secluded regions. Due to their cultural, social and economic dimensions of health and education sectors, these are the most complex institutions to administer and manage. Thus, irrespective of all the efforts and money put in for the fulfillment of constitutional pledge of nurture for All and Healthy Citizens, India is still struggling with the serious issues of poor quality, omit of motivation, dis disposal and inadequate access in the schooling and health system. Moreover, where the governments provision to realize the objectives of cosmopolitan primary education and healthy citizens has been inadequate to fulfill petition, the sustainable and long-term partnership of government and NGOs can bridge this gap. NGOs as stakeholders in the governance act as driving force behind greater cooperation through the active mobilization of public support for a particular cause.With transformed focus on expanding the facilities of quality health care and education and to be in sync with the goals of international agencies, greater attention is being paid on role of non government stakeholders that they are playing and could play in supporting benefactors and government in achieving targets, while government being the main provider. This attracts consideration of the changing role of the government ne eds to play in supporting the demands of improved health care facilities and quality primary education in cases where it is not the direct provider. The governments role differs agree to the type of the NGO and the extent to which they compliment the public delivery of the services.NGOs advocate their role towards the achievement of goals of inclusive growth either by putting mechanical press on the government agencies or by involving directly as care takers. The underserved may take many forms including those hard to reach in terms of gender, roadway children, orphans, disbanded children in post conflict areas, children with disabilities, refugees, child labourers etc. These underserved are not able to avail their basic necessities of education and health and hence cannot be a part of inclusive growth because of poverty, and or because of socio cultural and other demand related reasons. Inadequate supply of resources in isolated and rural areas can get ahead aggravate these constrictions.NGOs and Orphans need for Education and HealthAs per a study conducted by SOS Childrens village based on third National Health Survey, there are about 20 million children (about 4% of the total population) are orphan. accord to this, 0.3% children were orphaned because of death of their fires and rest 99.7% put on been aban through with(p)d. The main reasons for such(prenominal) spicy figures are ascribed to poverty as the main contributor while social unrest and terrorism in some states, as revealed by this survey of SOS Childrens village.Poverty, disability, disagreements, and lack of awareness are noteworthy constrictions to many children getting into schools. Economic hardships and societys lack of interest and protection mean that orphans may lose the opportunity to the avail the facilities provided by the public health system as well. Children who have been orphaned by the death of parents or the single surviving parent is not able to take care, are commonly discarded by society, denied affection and care and left with few resources to live on. For social and economic reasons these children often drop out from schools. sometimes these children are undernourished and suffer from ill health and are at a risk of mistreatment and negligence. In many situations these children are pushed into illicit activities and sexual activities in case of girl child.India is leaving no stones unturned with the objective to bring orphan into the mainstream. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Ministry, Health Ministry and Education Ministry of Indian government have implemented various welfare and health schemes for the underprivileged. Also there are more than 800 orphanages across India for the upliftment of this underserved section of society.The governments endeavor to improve the access of primary education and health care facilities for orphans is rooted in the importance of basic human rights for all children. This effort of governments can ens ure a status of equality and social security among all sections of society. The benefits of social incorporation, psychological development, secure and structured environment etc. can be leveraged by conferring knowledge and life skills.Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram The NGOAccording to the official statistics, the orphans in India are 4% (nearly 20 million) of the total population, which is significant figure and should be looked into very seriously. Legislation to combat the child health and education in India is both disproportionate and inadequately enforced. Despite existing legislation, these are the children who constitute the never been to school category, posing a serious challenge to the uiversalisation of primary education and to the goals of WHO. Irrespective of allocation of considerable pedigrees for the education and health to all, government strategies to combat the problem have not been very utile.The Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram is a Non Government Charitable Organi sation in Greater NOIDA, U.P., has developed a model that uses health care and education as a means of tackling the problems of orphan, with the main focus on girl child and destitute women without any differentiation of caste, religion, region, race or colour. The ashram is a project of H. H. Shri Mataji Devi Foundation. The organization is registered under the Trust Registration take on and Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA). The organization is funded by the members of the Sahaj Yoga Organization and there are some international donors as well. Seminars and workshops are conducted as fund raising activities. NGO does not get any financial assistance from the government agencies. Mrs. Giesla Matzer, the Executive Director told that the ashram is controlled but not sponsored by the state government.The Ashram is managed and get by by the chairman Sir C. P. Srivastava and the trustees. The day to day activities are administered by Austrian Citizen Mrs. Gisela Matzer, the Executive Director. She is very affectionately being called Oma by the residents and is like grandmother who everlastingly showers them with her motherly warmth. Mrs. Darshi Gursharan, the beloved granny, has many years of experience as a school principal.The NGO has two branches namely the Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram and Sahaja Yoga Health and Research subject matter. The Ashram spreads over 10,120 upstanding meters. The building is swarming with lush green gardens and ponds, thus one is always in natures lap. The garden has many trees, bushes and flowers. Thus one feels completely in tune with start Nature throughout the year. Building of ashram encompasses four well furnished big halls, well equipped kitchen, dining hall, doctors room, two guests rooms, computer room, a small mantrap parlour, and library.A woman, being the mother, is the creator and preserver of all humankind. However, in our society the number of needy, abandoned women and girls is extremely large and this is the most helpless section of the society. The main thrust of Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram has been to work for this miserable section of society by providing them shelter, making them capable to acquire skill sets through vocational training for sustained life and thus helping them to integrate into society. Starting its work in 2003 in Greater NOIDA city of Uttar Pradesh, Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram is founded with the vision have pure motherly love for every human, every animal, and the whole earth. Develop inner balance and peace be collective, tolerant and respectful to everyone.This NGO has provided shelter to 54 girls who have been pathetic to lose their parents at a very young age. Girls with single parent are also provided shelter under extraordinary circumstances when that single parent is not capable of providing a good environment because of unfortunate such as being physically challenged or sickness. The age group of children varies from the very young to adolescents.T he second branch Sahaja Yoga Health and Research Centre was started in the year 2011 with the notion to provide free health care facilities to the residents of ashram and outdoor patients. The Health Centre is situated in picturesque, green surroundings and is a unique Health Centre of its kind in the world. At the Health Centre treatment for diseases is done by vibratory awareness, developed through Sahaja Yoga conjecture. Since its inception, the health centre is has witnessed an increasing number of patients and has attracted many overseas visitors and many Indians. Cases of Hypertension, Bronchial Asthma, Diabetes, Migraine, Epilepsy, Depression and Cancer have been cured at the Health Centre.Access to education for the hard-to-reach children The Formal Education SystemGovernment initiatives to reform the educational service sector by concentrating on pedagogy and teaching and training processes as a means of increasing quality of education have not been adequate to bring abou t an effective and transformation in the quality of education. The idea of the NGO was conceived by Mata Nirmala Devi, which is developing strategies for educational inclusion of orphans and offering help to destitute women. The Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram started with the notion to put children in formal schooling system. The VNPA has developed and introduced systematic and innovative pedagogic approaches like multi level teaching, child centered teaching, development of cognitive and non cognitive skills among children and integrated learning.The girls of ashram are sent to attend nearby English medium schools. In campus computer coaching is provided to the residents. The main reason behind the formal schooling is that the girls would be associated with overbearing images of a more professionally developed, and regulated system. This would help girls to find jobs in formal sector and would have a sustained and secure future. As per the information provided by Mrs. Gisela Matzer (Oma), the managing director, two of the girls of ashram are pursuing their career in hotel management.Girls are assisted in their homework by professional teachers and they have special tutorship classes for students as well. Depending upon the interests and talents they are trained in various art forms and skill sets from young age. Financial assistance and other helps are provided to the grown-up girls for their higher studies. These are provided with demand support to find suitable jobs and many are also helped in matrimony based upon their will. In matrimonial cases, the Sahaj Yogis are preferred and there is a system of proper checking of backgrounds in such situations. In few cases persons outside their community are allowed to marry women or girls of ashram.Vocational Training The Non formal Education SystemOnly reading and writing skills are not sufficient for children, they should be equipped with life skills as a mean for their sustained future. on that point must b e provisions for development of cognitive and non cognitive skills. The curriculum and teaching methodologies should be pertinent and meaningful for the life situations of underprivileged. To meet out such expectations, innovation and quality improvement is demanded in the areas of education. NGO provision often intends to bring benefits in terms of the alternative forms of pedagogy and accountability it aims to offer is stadium non formal education system. Non formal educational system may be defined as any systematic and organized educational activity, different from formal schooling system, used to provide selected types of learning and skills to particular subgroups of the population, larges as well as children. Non formal education includes trainings in the areas like farming and occupational skills, adult literacy programmes and various community programmes of instruction in health, family planning and the like.In this regard Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram along with formal s chooling to its children is aimed at providing training in various non mainstream courses like music, painting, cooking, embroidery tailoring, fashion designing, beauty care, handicrafts, and Indian classical/folk dance. These training are carried out with the main focus on equipping the residents with employability skills and developing residents to be shareholders of the growing society. Also the non formal education is a shortcut and cost effective way of providing basic education. These non mainstream trainings also are the fund raising activities for the organization by selling art and craft items.Seminars, Excursions and other activitiesTo curb them feel as an integral part of the society, the residents of NGO are involved in various programs and festivals inside and outside the Ashram. All the festivals like Holi, Diwali, Christmas, and Raksha Bandhan are celebrated by the family members of Ashram. These girls are also appreciated by the community and the society members for their participation in various cultural activities. Sahaja Yoga seminars and programmes are attended by the residents across India.NGO Involvement in Health Research and DevelopmentIn developing countries, NGOs have pivotal role in addressing health issues. These organizations are known for developing and implementing innovative and strategic programmes that address health issues. Being in the vicinity of local anaesthetic conditions, these NGOs have requisite data on health infrastructure and personnel and major obstacles to improvement. With these possessions, NGOs often are able to reach those segments of society that are either neglected by society or are not targeted as priority. These non government organizations try hard to meet the basic needs of unserved by ensuring access to health services, creating a clean and safe environment and promoting community participation.In ashram every new entrant has to undergo extensive medical checkup in order to ensure that she is no t suffering from communicable diseases. Every resident has to make a health checkup on regular basis. For minor illness of residents in house medical facilities are there. In case of unremitting ailments the girls are resident ladies are taken to nearby hospitals in Greater Noida, NOIDA or Delhi. As per the information provided by the Executive Director, Mrs. Gisela Matzer, some hospitals provide free beds to the patients of NGO whereas other expenses like medicine etc. are to be borne by the ashram itself. Time to time dental camps and health checkup camps are organized with the help of medical agencies.Since the residents of the Ashram come from very depressed life situations, the inner violence and peace is essential. Yoga, meditation and other skills are taught to women and girls that help them trounce trauma and hence have inner balance and peace. These practices are based on the principles of Sahaj Yoga meditation to achieve the highest state of awareness. This gives them a feeling of being loved and respected and also gives them a feeling of social security. Because of her empathy and concern to alleviate human torments, Shri Mataji has created a Health and Research Centre in the premises of ashram to solve the most pressing problems of the society like health and also to help them become better individuals through the process of Sahaj Yoga.ConclusionWhile access to state schooling has grown in many countries in recent years, a hardcore of marginalised children retain to be excluded from this. The objectives to include these marginalized children into mainstream to some extent are realized by NGOs. The endeavors put in by The Vishwa Nirmala Prem Ashram to gain access to the primary education are worth appreciating. The influences engendered by the NGO can be summarized as followsTeaching, guiding, counseling and nurturing children to make them responsible and productive citizens of India.For a sustained and secure future and to be a part of mainstr eam equipping these children with life skills by providing and assisting with education and training.Sponsorship for school fees and higher technical education as the case may be.Providing safe haven for those children and women who are homeless and children who are unfortunate not having parents.To provide healthcare facilities for orphan and destitute women with the help of in house doctors as well as multispecialty hospitals.By establishing projects and activities that generate income for the girls and women of the ashram.Helping adult girls in matrimony if these girls wish to.Assisting women and adult girls of the ashram in jobs and placement activities for subsistence.Assisting residents to cope up with the dilemma of life through meditation using principle of Sahaj Yoga and thus giving a positive and thoughtful approach towards life.In the light of these points, it may be concluded that unless NGOs make significant contribution in the promotion and implementation of scientif ic, innovative and culturally suitable approaches to improve the conditions of underprivileged in the fields of health care and education, their scoop up efforts may not prove sufficient for ending various problems faced by this section of society. The role of NGOs in sensitizing underprivileged and make them demand their entitlements for basic rights is very significant.Table 1 Governing Body of NGONameDesignationChairpersonSir C.P. SrivastavaSecretaryProf. Kiran WaliaTreasurerMr. V.A.DeopujariExecutive DirectorMrs. Gisela Matzer sectionMrs. Sadhana VarmaMemberMrs. Vineeta ShankerMemberMrs. Neeta RaiMemberMrs. Malini KhannaMemberMrs. Malti PrasadMemberMs Darshi GurdarshanTable 2 The core activities of the NGO SurveyedName of the OrganisationVishwa Nirmala Prem AshramLocationGreater NOIDAThe typerehabilitation of destitute women and orphan children

Erectyle Dysfunction :: essays research papers fc

Will we ever be able to produce something capable of making us kitchen stove the optimum of one of humankinds most basic needs? Will there always be a side effect?Since the beginnings of civilization, people have been haunt about their sexuality. Men and women have always tried to achieve a maximum amount of pleasure in any possible way. For human beings this is obtained through the orgasm. Humans usually attain this is goal through sexual intercourse or masturbation. However, sometimes the psychological and physical conditions of a person can strip down him or her from reaching that goal. Thankfully, science and anatomy have also always interested mankind. This has helped to find solutions for problems dealing with our sexuality, which, as a matter of fact atomic number 18 very park. The most recurrent and drastic of all these dilemmas is that of impotence.The term "impotence" has traditionally been used to signify the inability of the male to attain and maintain erecti ng of the genus Phallus sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse. However, this use has often led to confusing and uninterpretable results in both clinical and basic science investigations. This, in concert with its pejorative implications, suggests that the more precise term "erectile dysfunction" be used instead to signify an inability of the male to achieve an erect penis as part of the overall multifaceted process of male sexual function. Erectile dysfunction affects millions of men. Although for some men erectile function may not be the best or most important measure of sexual satisfaction, for many men erectile dysfunction creates mental stress that affects their interactions with family and associates. All these things susceptibility be very interesting, but to fully understand erectile dysfunction we must first take a look into the physiology of the male erection.In its most common form, the male erectile response is initiated by a central nervous syste m event that integrates psychogenic stimuli (perception, desire, etc.) and controls the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the penis. Parasympathetic stimulant allows an erection by relaxation of trabecular smooth muscle and dilation of the helicine arteries of the penis. This fills the spongy tissue that forms the penis with blood a process referred to as the visible veno occlusive mechanism. The erectile tissues must have sufficient stiffness to compress the blood vessels penetrating it so that venous outflow is blocked and sufficient tumescence and rigidity can occur. Constriction of the trabecular smooth muscle and helicine arteries induced by sympathetic innervation makes the penis flaccid, with blood pressure in the cavernosal sinuses of the penis secure venous pressure.

Edgar Allan Poe and His Works Essay -- Stories of Edgar Allan Poe

Thesis Edgar Allan Poe was one of the most influential, yet misunderstood writers in American Literature.I. His Early flavorA.His AdoptionB.His Education II.His Later LifeA.Books PublishedB.Military LifeIII.The Conclusion of His LifeA. His MarriageB. His DeathIV. His WorksV. What Others Thought Of HimEdgar Allan Poe was an American writer, cognise as a poet and critic but most famous as the first master of the short story form, especially tales of the mysterious and macabre. Since his early death, the literary qualities of Poes writings have been disputed, but his works have remained popular and he influenced many major American and European writers.Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Poe was orphaned in his early childhood and was raised by John Allan, a successful businessman of Richmond, Virginia. Taken by the Allan family to England at the age of six, Poe was enrolled in a sequestered school. Upon returning to the United States in 1820, he continued to study in private schools. He attended the University of Virginia for a year, but in 1827 his foster father, displeased by the young mans drinking and gambling, refused to pay his debts and forced Poe to work as a bookkeeper. (Anderson, 9-22).Poe quit this job, which infuriated John Allan. Poe whence left and moved to Boston. there he published his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems. After this, Poe enlisted in the U.S. Army and served a two-year term. Poe published his second book of poems, Al Araaf in 1829. Poe then reunited with Allan, who obtained him an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy. After only a few months at the academy, Poe was dismissed for neglect of duty, and John Allan disowned him permanently (Anderson, 23-34).P... ...nius. (Regan, 1) While some loved him, others despised him almost all recognized the value of his works. WORKS CITEDAnderson, Madelyn Klein. Edgar Allan Poe A Mystery. New York Justin Books, Ltd., 1993Buranelli, Vincent. Edgar Allan Poe. New York Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1961The Collected Poems and Tales of Edgar Allan Poe. New York The Modern Library, 1992.Complete Stories and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Garden City Doubleday & Company, Inc, 1966.Fisher, gum benjamin F. The Cambridge Introduction to Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.Kesterson, David B., ed. Critics on Poe. Coral Gables University of Miami Press, 1973. Regan, Robert, ed. Poe. A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1967.Stoudt, Ashley, ed. An Edgar Allan Poe Reader. State Street Press, 2000.